Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that begins when the body’s normal cellular processes go awry. At its core, cancer arises from uncontrolled cell growth and division. Normally, cells in our body grow, divide, and die in a highly regulated manner. However, when genetic changes disrupt this balance, cells may grow uncontrollably, forming tumors or spreading throughout the body. These abnormalities not only invade and damage healthy tissues but also interfere with essential bodily functions.

The Genetic Basis of Cancer

Cancer has a profound genetic component. It begins when mutations or alterations in the DNA—the blueprint of life—occur. These changes can disrupt normal cell function and lead to cancer in several ways:

1. Oncogenes: These are mutated forms of normal genes (proto-oncogenes) that, when activated, drive uncontrolled cell division.

• Examples include the RAS gene family and HER2.

1. Tumor Suppressor Genes: These genes act as the body’s cellular brakes, preventing excessive growth. When they are inactivated, cancer cells can thrive.

• Examples include TP53 and RB1.

1. DNA Repair Genes: Mutations in these genes impair the body’s ability to correct errors in DNA replication, leading to additional genetic instability.

• Examples include BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are particularly associated with breast and ovarian cancers.

Cancer is often a result of multiple genetic changes that accumulate over time, altering the balance between cell survival and death.

What Causes Cancer?

Cancer is not caused by a single factor but by an interplay of genetic predisposition and external influences. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Genetic Factors

• Inherited mutations in cancer-associated genes (e.g., BRCA mutations) can increase cancer risk.
• Family history of cancer may point to inherited genetic vulnerabilities.

2. Environmental Factors

• Carcinogens: Substances like tobacco smoke, asbestos, and certain chemicals can damage DNA.
• Radiation: UV radiation from the sun or ionizing radiation from medical imaging and environmental exposure.

3. Lifestyle Factors

• Diet: High-fat, low-fiber diets and excessive alcohol consumption are linked to some cancers.
• Lack of Physical Activity: Sedentary lifestyles can contribute to obesity, a risk factor for several cancers.

4. Biological Factors

• Viruses and Bacteria: Certain infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B/C, and Helicobacter pylori, are known to contribute to cancer development.
• Hormones: Hormonal imbalances can sometimes stimulate cancer cell growth.

5. Chronic Inflammation

• Conditions causing persistent inflammation can create a microenvironment conducive to cancer. For example, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

6. Random Mutations

• Errors during DNA replication in normal cell division can occur spontaneously, independent of environmental or genetic factors.

A Disease of Complexity

Cancer is not a single disease but a collection of over 200 distinct types, each with its own unique characteristics and genetic drivers. Advances in understanding cancer at the genetic level are helping develop targeted therapies that improve outcomes and personalize treatment.

Join us on this journey of education, awareness, and empowerment to combat cancer together.

There are more than 200 known cancers, some of these are listed below: